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His fear of Ariovistus and the general outcry from the Gallic people led Caesar to launch a campaign against the Germans, even though they had been considered friends of the Republic.

One such reform was the modification of the.

His maternal great-uncle was in 44 BC and Octavius was named in Caesar's will as his son and heir; as a result, he inherited Caesar's name, estate, and the loyalty of his legions.

A temporary peace agreement was reached in 39 BC with the ; the blockade on Italy was lifted once Octavian granted Pompeius Sardinia, , Sicily, and the , and ensured him a future position as consul for 35 BC.

London: Penguin, 1979 , pp.

The Senate's proposal was a ratification of Octavian's extra-constitutional power.

Galba [ ] Bust of The book about is short.

Transactions of the American Philological Association.

With regards to the Principate, it was obvious to Augustus that Marcellus was not ready to take on his position; nonetheless, by giving his signet ring to Agrippa, Augustus intended to signal to the legions that Agrippa was to be his successor, and that constitutional procedure notwithstanding, they should continue to obey Agrippa.

In 19 BC, the Senate granted Augustus a form of 'general consular imperium', which was probably 'imperium consulare maius', like the proconsular powers that he received in 23 BC.

Since his forces had already been humiliated and defeated in previous engagements, he needed to report a success story to Rome that would lift the spirits of the people.